Anna ĉe 09:06, 24 Sep. 2016

2016-09-24T09:06:06Z

Retumanto: Nova paĝo kun '* reiru al Komunaj

'''5. Some hints on the structure of Esperanto''' In spite of the on going debate as to whether Esperanto is a European or an Asian language,...'

2015-10-16T15:06:29Z

Nova paĝo kun '* reiru al Komunaj <hr> '''5. Some hints on the structure of Esperanto''' In spite of the on going debate as to whether Esperanto is a European or an Asian language,...'

Nova paĝo

* reiru al [[Komunaj]]
<hr>
 

'''5. Some hints on the structure of Esperanto'''

In spite of the on going debate as to whether Esperanto is a European or an Asian language, for the moment we will stick to Pennacchietti's conclusion that Esperanto is the least Indo European of the Indo European languages (Pennacchietti 1987).

Every word consist of a lexical morpheme (a root, if you like more traditional grammatical definitions), which bears the semantic information i.e. the general meaning, plus a grammatical morpheme (an ending), which defines more precisely the meaning of the lexical morpheme (noun, adjective, etc.) and explains the word's grammatical function in the sentence.

For instance "fik" gives the idea of fucking. With different endings this may become "fiki" = "to fuck" (infinitive of verb), "fiko" = "a fuck" (noun), "fika" = "fucking" (adjective) and "fike" = "fuckingly" (adverb). Morphemes can be strung together or given different endings, but never change their form, e.g. "vent" = "wind"; "kap" = "head"; "a" = "having the quality of" or adjective ending. This gives you "ventkapa" = "windheaded", i.e. empty headed.

Affixes play an important role in Esperanto word formation, and great use is made of them in making up new words, which may however be difficult to translate by a single word in English. To give an example: "masturb" = "to masturbate"; "em" = "having a certain disposition or tendency"; "ul" = "person"; "o" = noun ending. Put them together and you get "masturbemulo" = "someone who likes masturbating".

In this list we do not translate all possible derivates from the same basic root. Instead we translate only the most frequently used variations, and add others in brackets. Readers can translate them for themselves with the help of the following morpheme lists or even invent new ones.

a) Grammatical endings

-o noun 
-a adjective 
-j plural of noun or adjective 
-n direct object 
-e adverb 
-en movement towards 
-i infinitive 
-u imperative 
-ant- active present participle 
-int- active past participle 
-ont- active future participle 
-at- passive present participle 
-it- passive past participle 
-ot- passive future 

b) Prefixes

eks ''former'', ex- 
malliberulo ''prisoner''; eksmalliberulo ''ex convict''

fi ''disgusting'', ''shameful'' 
parigisto ''matchmaker''; fiparigisto ''pander''

ge ''of both sexes'' 
agado ''activity''; geagado ''promiscuous activity, fucking''

mal ''makes word into its opposite'' 
virta ''virtuous''; malvirta ''immoral''

mis ''wrongly'', ''mis-'' 
homo ''person''; mishomo ''miscreant''

c) Suffixes

aĉ ''expresses disparagement'' 
hundo ''dog''; hundaĉo ''cur''

ad prolonged or repeated action 
ŝteli to steal; ŝtelado robbery

aĵ concrete manifestation of concept or activity 
feki to shit; fekaĵo shit (noun)

an member of a group, inhabitant 
bordelo brothel; bordelano inhabitant of a brothel

ĉj diminutive (for males) 
ilo tool; ĉjo-ilo* male tool

ej place 
sterko manure; sterkejo dung heap

em disposition, tendency 
sama same; sekso sex; samseksema homosexual (adj.)

er particle, item 
feki to shit; fekero lump of shit

et diminutive 
cerbo brain; cerbeto bird brain

id offspring 
putino whore; putinido son of a whore

ig make, render 
vomi to vomit; vomiga sickening

iĝ become 
erekta erect; erektiĝo erection

il tool,implement, means 
generi to generate; generilo genitals

in female 
porko pig; porkino sow

ind worth of 
ridi to laugh; ridinda ridiculous

ing socket, holder 
peniso penis; penisingo condom

nj diminutive (for females) 
knabo boy; njo-knabo * effeminate homosexual, pansy

ist person habitually occupied with something 
palpi to feel; palpisto toucher up

uj container 
kaco prick; kacujo flies

ul person 
stulta stupid; stultulo fool

um no fixed meaning 
sekso sex; seksumi to have sex

* ĉjo-ilo and njo-knabo are the only examples of the suffixes -ĉj- ad -nj- which appear in the following list. However their use in these instances is not typical; as suffixes they are ormally added after the noun they modify e.g. Vilhelmo = William; Vilĉjo = Willie.

@@ Linio 6: / Linio 6: @@
-In spite of the on going debate as to whether Esperanto is a European or an Asian language, for the moment we will stick to Pennacchietti's conclusion that Esperanto is the least Indo European of the Indo European languages (Pennacchietti 1987).
+In spite of the ongoing debate as to whether Esperanto is a European or an Asian language, for the moment we will stick to Pennacchietti's conclusion that Esperanto is the least Indo-European of the Indo-European languages (Pennacchietti 1987).
 Every word consist of a lexical morpheme (a root, if you like more traditional grammatical definitions), which bears the semantic information i.e. the general meaning, plus a grammatical morpheme (an ending), which defines more precisely the meaning of the lexical morpheme (noun, adjective, etc.) and explains the word's grammatical function in the sentence.
@@ Linio 14: / Linio 14: @@
 Affixes play an important role in Esperanto word formation, and great use is made of them in making up new words, which may however be difficult to translate by a single word in English. To give an example: "masturb" = "to masturbate"; "em" = "having a certain disposition or tendency"; "ul" = "person"; "o" = noun ending. Put them together and you get "masturbemulo" = "someone who likes masturbating".
-In this list we do not translate all possible derivates from the same basic root. Instead we translate only the most frequently used variations, and add others in brackets. Readers can translate them for themselves with the help of the following morpheme lists   or even invent new ones.
+In this list we do not translate all possible derivates from the same basic root. Instead we translate only the most frequently used variations, and add others in brackets. Readers can translate them for themselves with the help of the following morpheme lists or even invent new ones.
@@ Linio 33: / Linio 33: @@
 -at-   passive present participle<br>
 -it-   passive past participle<br>
--ot-   passive future<br>
+-ot-   passive future participle<br>
 b) Prefixes
@@ Linio 58: / Linio 58: @@
 hundo ''dog''; hundaĉo ''cur''
-ad   prolonged or repeated action<br>
+ad   ''prolonged or repeated action''<br>
-ŝteli to steal; ŝtelado robbery
+ŝteli ''to steal''; ŝtelado ''robbery''
-aĵ   concrete manifestation of concept or activity<br>
+aĵ   ''concrete manifestation of concept or activity''<br>
-feki to shit; fekaĵo shit (noun)
+feki ''to shit''; fekaĵo ''shit'' (noun)
-an   member of a group, inhabitant  <br>
+an   ''member of a group, inhabitant''  <br>
-bordelo brothel; bordelano inhabitant of a brothel
+bordelo ''brothel''; bordelano ''inhabitant of a brothel''
-ĉj   diminutive (for males)    <br>
+ĉj   ''diminutive (for males)''    <br>
-ilo tool; ĉjo-ilo* male tool
+ilo ''tool''; ĉjo-ilo* ''male tool''
-ej   place          <br>
+ej   ''place''          <br>
-sterko manure; sterkejo dung heap
+sterko ''manure''; sterkejo ''dung heap''
-em   disposition, tendency <br>
+em   ''disposition, tendency'' <br>
-sama same; sekso sex; samseksema homosexual (adj.)
+sama ''same''; sekso ''sex''; samseksema ''homosexual'' (adj.)
-er   particle, item <br>
+er   ''particle, item'' <br>
-feki to shit; fekero lump of shit
+feki ''to shit''; fekero ''lump of shit''
-et   diminutive     <br>
+et   ''diminutive''     <br>
-cerbo brain; cerbeto bird brain
+cerbo ''brain''; cerbeto ''bird brain''
-id   offspring      <br>
+id   ''offspring''      <br>
-putino whore; putinido son of a whore
+putino ''whore''; putinido ''son of a whore''
-ig   make, render   <br>
+ig   ''make, render''   <br>
-vomi to vomit; vomiga sickening
+vomi ''to vomit''; vomiga ''sickening''
-iĝ   become         <br>
+iĝ   ''become''         <br>
-erekta erect; erektiĝo erection
+erekta ''erect''; erektiĝo ''erection''
-il   tool,implement, means<br>
+il   ''tool,implement, means''<br>
-generi to generate; generilo genitals
+generi ''to generate''; generilo ''genitals''
-in   female         <br>
+in   ''female''         <br>
-porko pig; porkino sow
+porko ''pig''; porkino ''sow''
-ind  worth of       <br>
+ind  ''worth of''       <br>
-ridi to laugh; ridinda ridiculous
+ridi ''to laugh''; ridinda ''ridiculous''
-ing  socket, holder <br>
+ing  ''socket, holder'' <br>
-peniso penis; penisingo condom
+peniso ''penis''; penisingo ''condom''
-nj   diminutive (for females)<br>
+nj   ''diminutive (for females)''<br>
-knabo boy; njo-knabo * effeminate homosexual, pansy
+knabo ''boy''; njo-knabo* ''effeminate homosexual, pansy''
-ist  person habitually occupied with something<br>
+ist  ''person habitually occupied with something''<br>
-palpi to feel; palpisto toucher up
+palpi ''to feel''; palpisto ''groper''
-uj   container      <br>
+uj   ''container''      <br>
-kaco prick; kacujo flies
+kaco ''prick, cock''; kacujo ''flies''
-ul   person         <br>
+ul   ''person''         <br>
-stulta stupid; stultulo fool
+stulta ''stupid''; stultulo ''fool''
-um   no fixed meaning   <br>
+um   ''no fixed meaning''   <br>
-sekso sex; seksumi to have sex
+sekso ''sex''; seksumi ''to have sex''
-* ĉjo-ilo and njo-knabo are the only examples of the suffixes  -ĉj-  ad  -nj-  which appear in the following list. However their use in these instances is not typical; as suffixes they are ormally added after the noun they modify e.g. Vilhelmo = William; Vilĉjo = Willie.
+* ĉjo-ilo and njo-knabo are the only examples of the suffixes  -ĉj-  and  -nj-  which appear in the following list. However their use in these instances is not typical; as suffixes they are normally added after the noun they modify e.g. Vilhelmo = William; Vilĉjo = Willie.

5. Some hints on the structure of Esperanto - Historio de redaktoj

Anna ĉe 09:06, 24 Sep. 2016

Retumanto: Nova paĝo kun '* reiru al Komunaj '''5. Some hints on the structure of Esperanto''' In spite of the on going debate as to whether Esperanto is a European or an Asian language,...'

Retumanto: Nova paĝo kun '* reiru al Komunaj

'''5. Some hints on the structure of Esperanto''' In spite of the on going debate as to whether Esperanto is a European or an Asian language,...'