5. Some hints on the structure of Esperanto: Malsamoj inter versioj
(Nova paĝo kun '* reiru al Komunaj <hr> <br> '''5. Some hints on the structure of Esperanto''' In spite of the on going debate as to whether Esperanto is a European or an Asian language,...') |
Anna (Diskuto | kontribuoj) |
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− | In spite of the | + | In spite of the ongoing debate as to whether Esperanto is a European or an Asian language, for the moment we will stick to Pennacchietti's conclusion that Esperanto is the least Indo-European of the Indo-European languages (Pennacchietti 1987). |
Every word consist of a lexical morpheme (a root, if you like more traditional grammatical definitions), which bears the semantic information i.e. the general meaning, plus a grammatical morpheme (an ending), which defines more precisely the meaning of the lexical morpheme (noun, adjective, etc.) and explains the word's grammatical function in the sentence. | Every word consist of a lexical morpheme (a root, if you like more traditional grammatical definitions), which bears the semantic information i.e. the general meaning, plus a grammatical morpheme (an ending), which defines more precisely the meaning of the lexical morpheme (noun, adjective, etc.) and explains the word's grammatical function in the sentence. | ||
Linio 14: | Linio 14: | ||
Affixes play an important role in Esperanto word formation, and great use is made of them in making up new words, which may however be difficult to translate by a single word in English. To give an example: "masturb" = "to masturbate"; "em" = "having a certain disposition or tendency"; "ul" = "person"; "o" = noun ending. Put them together and you get "masturbemulo" = "someone who likes masturbating". | Affixes play an important role in Esperanto word formation, and great use is made of them in making up new words, which may however be difficult to translate by a single word in English. To give an example: "masturb" = "to masturbate"; "em" = "having a certain disposition or tendency"; "ul" = "person"; "o" = noun ending. Put them together and you get "masturbemulo" = "someone who likes masturbating". | ||
− | In this list we do not translate all possible derivates from the same basic root. Instead we translate only the most frequently used variations, and add others in brackets. Readers can translate them for themselves with the help of the following morpheme lists | + | In this list we do not translate all possible derivates from the same basic root. Instead we translate only the most frequently used variations, and add others in brackets. Readers can translate them for themselves with the help of the following morpheme lists or even invent new ones. |
Linio 33: | Linio 33: | ||
-at- passive present participle<br> | -at- passive present participle<br> | ||
-it- passive past participle<br> | -it- passive past participle<br> | ||
− | -ot- passive future<br> | + | -ot- passive future participle<br> |
b) Prefixes | b) Prefixes | ||
Linio 58: | Linio 58: | ||
hundo ''dog''; hundaĉo ''cur'' | hundo ''dog''; hundaĉo ''cur'' | ||
− | ad prolonged or repeated action<br> | + | ad ''prolonged or repeated action''<br> |
− | ŝteli to steal; ŝtelado robbery | + | ŝteli ''to steal''; ŝtelado ''robbery'' |
− | aĵ concrete manifestation of concept or activity<br> | + | aĵ ''concrete manifestation of concept or activity''<br> |
− | feki to shit; fekaĵo shit (noun) | + | feki ''to shit''; fekaĵo ''shit'' (noun) |
− | an member of a group, inhabitant <br> | + | an ''member of a group, inhabitant'' <br> |
− | bordelo brothel; bordelano inhabitant of a brothel | + | bordelo ''brothel''; bordelano ''inhabitant of a brothel'' |
− | ĉj diminutive (for males) <br> | + | ĉj ''diminutive (for males)'' <br> |
− | ilo tool; ĉjo-ilo* male tool | + | ilo ''tool''; ĉjo-ilo* ''male tool'' |
− | ej place <br> | + | ej ''place'' <br> |
− | sterko manure; sterkejo dung heap | + | sterko ''manure''; sterkejo ''dung heap'' |
− | em disposition, tendency <br> | + | em ''disposition, tendency'' <br> |
− | sama same; sekso sex; samseksema homosexual (adj.) | + | sama ''same''; sekso ''sex''; samseksema ''homosexual'' (adj.) |
− | er particle, item <br> | + | er ''particle, item'' <br> |
− | feki to shit; fekero lump of shit | + | feki ''to shit''; fekero ''lump of shit'' |
− | et diminutive <br> | + | et ''diminutive'' <br> |
− | cerbo brain; cerbeto bird brain | + | cerbo ''brain''; cerbeto ''bird brain'' |
− | id offspring <br> | + | id ''offspring'' <br> |
− | putino whore; putinido son of a whore | + | putino ''whore''; putinido ''son of a whore'' |
− | ig make, render <br> | + | ig ''make, render'' <br> |
− | vomi to vomit; vomiga sickening | + | vomi ''to vomit''; vomiga ''sickening'' |
− | iĝ become <br> | + | iĝ ''become'' <br> |
− | erekta erect; erektiĝo erection | + | erekta ''erect''; erektiĝo ''erection'' |
− | il tool,implement, means<br> | + | il ''tool,implement, means''<br> |
− | generi to generate; generilo genitals | + | generi ''to generate''; generilo ''genitals'' |
− | in female <br> | + | in ''female'' <br> |
− | porko pig; porkino sow | + | porko ''pig''; porkino ''sow'' |
− | ind worth of <br> | + | ind ''worth of'' <br> |
− | ridi to laugh; ridinda ridiculous | + | ridi ''to laugh''; ridinda ''ridiculous'' |
− | ing socket, holder <br> | + | ing ''socket, holder'' <br> |
− | peniso penis; penisingo condom | + | peniso ''penis''; penisingo ''condom'' |
− | nj diminutive (for females)<br> | + | nj ''diminutive (for females)''<br> |
− | knabo boy; njo-knabo * effeminate homosexual, pansy | + | knabo ''boy''; njo-knabo* ''effeminate homosexual, pansy'' |
− | ist person habitually occupied with something<br> | + | ist ''person habitually occupied with something''<br> |
− | palpi to feel; palpisto | + | palpi ''to feel''; palpisto ''groper'' |
− | uj container <br> | + | uj ''container'' <br> |
− | kaco prick; kacujo flies | + | kaco ''prick, cock''; kacujo ''flies'' |
− | ul person <br> | + | ul ''person'' <br> |
− | stulta stupid; stultulo fool | + | stulta ''stupid''; stultulo ''fool'' |
− | um no fixed meaning <br> | + | um ''no fixed meaning'' <br> |
− | sekso sex; seksumi to have sex | + | sekso ''sex''; seksumi ''to have sex'' |
− | * ĉjo-ilo and njo-knabo are the only examples of the suffixes -ĉj- | + | * ĉjo-ilo and njo-knabo are the only examples of the suffixes -ĉj- and -nj- which appear in the following list. However their use in these instances is not typical; as suffixes they are normally added after the noun they modify e.g. Vilhelmo = William; Vilĉjo = Willie. |
Nuna versio ekde 12:06, 24 Sep. 2016
- reiru al Komunaj
5. Some hints on the structure of Esperanto
In spite of the ongoing debate as to whether Esperanto is a European or an Asian language, for the moment we will stick to Pennacchietti's conclusion that Esperanto is the least Indo-European of the Indo-European languages (Pennacchietti 1987).
Every word consist of a lexical morpheme (a root, if you like more traditional grammatical definitions), which bears the semantic information i.e. the general meaning, plus a grammatical morpheme (an ending), which defines more precisely the meaning of the lexical morpheme (noun, adjective, etc.) and explains the word's grammatical function in the sentence.
For instance "fik" gives the idea of fucking. With different endings this may become "fiki" = "to fuck" (infinitive of verb), "fiko" = "a fuck" (noun), "fika" = "fucking" (adjective) and "fike" = "fuckingly" (adverb). Morphemes can be strung together or given different endings, but never change their form, e.g. "vent" = "wind"; "kap" = "head"; "a" = "having the quality of" or adjective ending. This gives you "ventkapa" = "windheaded", i.e. empty headed.
Affixes play an important role in Esperanto word formation, and great use is made of them in making up new words, which may however be difficult to translate by a single word in English. To give an example: "masturb" = "to masturbate"; "em" = "having a certain disposition or tendency"; "ul" = "person"; "o" = noun ending. Put them together and you get "masturbemulo" = "someone who likes masturbating".
In this list we do not translate all possible derivates from the same basic root. Instead we translate only the most frequently used variations, and add others in brackets. Readers can translate them for themselves with the help of the following morpheme lists or even invent new ones.
a) Grammatical endings
-o noun
-a adjective
-j plural of noun or adjective
-n direct object
-e adverb
-en movement towards
-i infinitive
-u imperative
-ant- active present participle
-int- active past participle
-ont- active future participle
-at- passive present participle
-it- passive past participle
-ot- passive future participle
b) Prefixes
eks former, ex-
malliberulo prisoner; eksmalliberulo ex convict
fi disgusting, shameful
parigisto matchmaker; fiparigisto pander
ge of both sexes
agado activity; geagado promiscuous activity, fucking
mal makes word into its opposite
virta virtuous; malvirta immoral
mis wrongly, mis-
homo person; mishomo miscreant
c) Suffixes
aĉ expresses disparagement
hundo dog; hundaĉo cur
ad prolonged or repeated action
ŝteli to steal; ŝtelado robbery
aĵ concrete manifestation of concept or activity
feki to shit; fekaĵo shit (noun)
an member of a group, inhabitant
bordelo brothel; bordelano inhabitant of a brothel
ĉj diminutive (for males)
ilo tool; ĉjo-ilo* male tool
ej place
sterko manure; sterkejo dung heap
em disposition, tendency
sama same; sekso sex; samseksema homosexual (adj.)
er particle, item
feki to shit; fekero lump of shit
et diminutive
cerbo brain; cerbeto bird brain
id offspring
putino whore; putinido son of a whore
ig make, render
vomi to vomit; vomiga sickening
iĝ become
erekta erect; erektiĝo erection
il tool,implement, means
generi to generate; generilo genitals
in female
porko pig; porkino sow
ind worth of
ridi to laugh; ridinda ridiculous
ing socket, holder
peniso penis; penisingo condom
nj diminutive (for females)
knabo boy; njo-knabo* effeminate homosexual, pansy
ist person habitually occupied with something
palpi to feel; palpisto groper
uj container
kaco prick, cock; kacujo flies
ul person
stulta stupid; stultulo fool
um no fixed meaning
sekso sex; seksumi to have sex
- ĉjo-ilo and njo-knabo are the only examples of the suffixes -ĉj- and -nj- which appear in the following list. However their use in these instances is not typical; as suffixes they are normally added after the noun they modify e.g. Vilhelmo = William; Vilĉjo = Willie.